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2009年美国的人权纪录(全文) 

发布时间:2010-03-23 浏览次数:
><FONT face=宋体><SPAN> <P align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><STRONG><SPAN><FONT size="5">2009年美国的人权纪录(全文)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; line-height: 200%"><?xml:namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 84pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 中国网<SPAN lang="EN-US"> china.com.cn</SPAN>  时间:<SPAN lang="EN-US"> <?xml:namespace prefix="st1" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate year="2010" month="3" day="13" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" w:st="on">2010-03-13</st1:chsdate></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><st1:chsdate year="2010" month="3" day="11" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" w:st="on"><SPAN lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">2010</SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">,美国国务院发表《2009国别人权报告》,再次以“世界人权法官”自居,对包括中国在内的世界<SPAN lang="EN-US">190</SPAN>多个国家和地区的人权状况进行指责,而对自身十分糟糕的人权纪录熟视无睹、回避掩饰。为了让世界人民了解真实的美国人权状况,我们发表《<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年美国的人权纪录》。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28.1pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN><STRONG><FONT size="4">一、集结号游戏中心生命、财产和人身安全<o:p></o:p></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国社会暴力犯罪严重,公民的生命、财产和人身安全缺乏应有的保障。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月的报告显示,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>岁以上公民<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年共经历<SPAN lang="EN-US">490</SPAN>万起暴力犯罪,<SPAN lang="EN-US">1630</SPAN>万起财产犯罪,<SPAN lang="EN-US">13.7</SPAN>万起个人盗窃犯罪,其中暴力犯罪的发生率为每千人<SPAN lang="EN-US">19.3</SPAN>起。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>)除交通肇事外,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国共逮捕了<SPAN lang="EN-US">1400</SPAN>多万名犯罪分子,其中每<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万人有<SPAN lang="EN-US">198.2</SPAN>人因暴力犯罪被捕。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年,费城共发生了<SPAN lang="EN-US">35</SPAN>起家庭凶杀案,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年同比增长<SPAN lang="EN-US">67%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>)纽约市有记录的谋杀案为<SPAN lang="EN-US">461</SPAN>起,平均<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万人中的犯罪案为<SPAN lang="EN-US">1151</SPAN>起。得克萨斯州的圣安东尼奥市平均<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万人中的犯罪案为<SPAN lang="EN-US">2538</SPAN>起,被认为是美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>座大城市中最危险的城市。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,人口低于<SPAN lang="EN-US">10000</SPAN>人的城镇谋杀案上升了<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.5%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>)美国每年发生在城市的谋杀案达<SPAN lang="EN-US">15000</SPAN>起,主要集中在比较贫困的社区。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国私人拥有枪支数量居世界第一。美国联邦调查局及酒、烟和火器局统计显示,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">3.09</SPAN>亿人口拥有近<SPAN lang="EN-US">2.5</SPAN>亿支枪,大部分拥有枪支的人都有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>支以上的枪。美国人每年购买<SPAN lang="EN-US">70</SPAN>亿发子弹,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">90</SPAN>亿发。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>)美国法律允许飞机乘客经过申报后携带未装弹药的武器。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">在美国,每年约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>万人死于各类枪击事件。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>)美国联邦调查局的报告显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">14180</SPAN>人死于枪杀案。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>)罪犯在谋杀案、抢劫案和恶性攻击案中使用枪支等武器的分别占<SPAN lang="EN-US">66.9%</SPAN>、<SPAN lang="EN-US">43.5%</SPAN>和<SPAN lang="EN-US">21.4%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>)《今日美国报》报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日,麦克林顿在亚拉巴马州的两个镇杀害包括家属在内的<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>人后自杀。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日,罗伯特·斯图尔特在北卡罗来纳州穆尔县一所高级疗养院枪杀<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>人、打伤<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日,在纽约州宾厄姆顿市一家移民服务中心,<SPAN lang="EN-US">42</SPAN>岁的王林发向正在上英语课的师生开枪射击,造成<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>人死亡,<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>人受伤。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年,不断发生的袭警事件令人震惊。<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>日,加利福尼亚州奥克兰市一名<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>岁失业男子担心入狱,枪杀<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>名警员后被警方击毙。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日,波普瓦夫斯基在宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡市开枪杀害<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>名警察。<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日,减刑获释的莫里斯·克莱蒙斯在华盛顿州帕克兰一家咖啡馆枪击<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>名警察。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">枪击案蔓延到学校且不断升级,校园成为暴力犯罪的重灾区。美国传统基金会的报告表明,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>学年,华盛顿特区<SPAN lang="EN-US">11.3%</SPAN>的高中生曾在校园中经历过枪支等武器的威胁;华盛顿特区公校因遭遇暴力犯罪事件拨打急救电话<SPAN lang="EN-US">900</SPAN>多次(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>);新泽西州公校发生<SPAN lang="EN-US">17666</SPAN>起暴力事件。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>)纽约市立大学<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>所学院<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年间发生恶性犯罪案件达<SPAN lang="EN-US">107</SPAN>起。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28.1pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><STRONG>二、集结号游戏中心公民权利和政治权利<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国政府限制、侵犯公民权利和政治权利的情况相当严重。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国警察施暴严重。据《芝加哥保卫者报》2009年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日报道,纽约市有<SPAN lang="EN-US">315</SPAN>名警察因在执法过程中滥施暴力而受内部监管计划的监督。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,受监督的警察只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">210</SPAN>人。过去两年来,纽约警察局因招致过多民众不满而接受内部审查的警察人数上升了<SPAN lang="EN-US">50%</SPAN>。纽约警察局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>日的报告显示,纽约市警察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年发射<SPAN lang="EN-US">588</SPAN>发子弹,造成<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>人死亡;<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年发射<SPAN lang="EN-US">354</SPAN>发子弹,造成<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>人死亡。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>名警察用警棍、泰瑟枪殴打圣何塞州立大学学生胡方<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>次以上。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日,一名中国留学生在俄勒冈州尤金市遭一名警员无故殴打。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>)据大赦国际统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月,美国警方过度使用泰瑟枪导致<SPAN lang="EN-US">45</SPAN>人死亡,死亡者中最小年龄<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>岁。从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>年到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">389</SPAN>人因警方使用泰瑟枪致死。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国执法人员滥用职权。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月,联邦调查局调查了首都华盛顿地区<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>名连续几年从当地毒贩开设的赌场收取保护费的警察。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,芝加哥一名休班警察以巴士司机妨碍其自行车道为由对其进行殴打。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>)同月,芝加哥警察局特别行动组<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>名前警察被指控以执行公务为名,用多种方式敲诈勒索犯罪嫌疑人近<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>万美元,并多次行贿上级主管。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月,乔治王子县一警察局前局长因私自贩卖缴获的盗窃枪支而被控有罪。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>)在美国大城市,每年有<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>多万行人在街上被警察叫住盘查、询问、搜身和搜包,这个数字比几年前增长了很多。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国监狱人满为患。据美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日报告,到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年底,美国共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">730</SPAN>万人被关押在监狱、看守所或处于缓刑或假释中,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年上涨了<SPAN lang="EN-US">0.5%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>)其中,<SPAN lang="EN-US">230</SPAN>万人在监狱服刑,即每<SPAN lang="EN-US">198</SPAN>位美国人中就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>人在服刑。从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2000</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国监狱人数平均每年上涨<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.8%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">28</SPAN>)由于加州监狱人满为患的压力和越来越差的财政状况,加利福尼亚州政府拟将上万名非法移民送往墨西哥的监狱。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">囚犯基本权利得不到保障。狱警强暴囚犯的现象普遍存在。美国司法部指出,在<SPAN lang="EN-US">93</SPAN>家联邦监狱中,监狱工作人员对罪犯进行性侵犯的事件在过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>年中增加了一倍。在被指控对囚犯进行性虐待的<SPAN lang="EN-US">90</SPAN>名监狱工作人员中,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">40%</SPAN>的人还被判犯有其他罪行。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>)据《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>日报道,通过对<SPAN lang="EN-US">63000</SPAN>多名州和联邦监狱囚犯的调查显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">4.5%</SPAN>的囚犯在过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>个月内至少遭受一次性虐待<SPAN lang="EN-US">,</SPAN>估计美国至少发生<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>万起针对囚犯的强暴案。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">监狱管理混乱,疾病蔓延。美国司法部的报告显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年底,美国联邦和各州立监狱中共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20231</SPAN>名男性犯人和<SPAN lang="EN-US">1913</SPAN>名女性犯人为艾滋病毒携带者,分别占男女囚犯的<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.5%</SPAN>和<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.9%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">32</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,加利福尼亚州监狱犯人的艾滋病毒携带者增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">246</SPAN>人,密苏里州增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">169</SPAN>人,佛罗里达州增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">166</SPAN>人。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,联邦和各州立监狱共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">130</SPAN>多名犯人因艾滋病死亡。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">33</SPAN>)人权观察<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月的一份报告指出,纽约州监狱艾滋病毒携带者的人数大大多于其他大部分州,这些人无法得到相应治疗,甚至被分别关押,拒绝提供任何治疗。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">34</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国一方面在世界上极力兜售“言论自由”、“新闻自由”、“互联网自由”,另一方面却完全按照美国自己的利益和需要,不择手段地监控、限制公民的自由权利。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国公民接受、传播信息的自由受到严格监控。据报道,美国国家安全局早在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>年就在国内安装专门的窃听设备,监听电话、传真和电子邮件,收集国内的通讯信息。这一项目起初只是针对阿拉伯裔美国人,后来逐渐扩大到其他普通公民。在美国的密苏里州的圣何塞、圣地亚哥、西雅图、洛杉矶、芝加哥等地安装的监听设备超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>台。近日,美国国家安全局正耗资<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>亿美元在犹他州威廉姆斯营建立一个百万平方英尺的数据库,在圣安东尼奥建设另一个海量数据库,作为其新成立的网络司令部的重要组成部分。一位名叫诺基奥的人因拒绝加入该计划而被指控犯有<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>项内幕交易罪并被判处<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>年徒刑。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">35</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>·<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>”事件后,美国政府打着反恐的旗号,授权情报系统侵入公民的邮件通讯,并通过技术手段全面监控和强制删除网络中威胁美国国家利益的信息。根据美国《爱国者法案》,警察机关有权搜索电话、电子邮件通讯、医疗、财务和其他种类的记录;加强了警察和移民管理单位拘留、驱逐被怀疑与恐怖主义有关的外籍人士的权力。该法案延伸了恐怖主义的定义,扩大了警察机关可管辖的范围。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>日,美国参议院通过的新版窃听法案,给予参与窃听项目的电信公司法律豁免权,同时允许美国政府以反恐为由在未经法庭批准的情况下,可以对通信一方在美国境外的国际间通讯进行窃听。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">36</SPAN>)据统计,美国联邦调查局在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年间,通过邮件、便条和电话等渠道,窃取数千份美国公民的通讯记录。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,美国设立了负责互联网安全的监管部门,更加重了美国公民对政府会以维护互联网安全为由对私人系统进行干涉和监管的忧虑。美国一位政府官员在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月接受《纽约时报》采访时承认,美国国家安全局近月来拦截和监听美国公民电子邮件和电话的行为已超越美国国会<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年设下的限制范围。除此之外,他们还秘密监听别国政治人物、国际组织官员、知名记者等的电话。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">37</SPAN>)美国军方也参与实施监控。据美国有线新闻网报道,总部设在弗吉尼亚州的美国军方网络风险评估机构,负责监控官方和非官方的个人博客、官方文件、私人联系信息、武器照片、军营入口以及其他“可能威胁国家安全”的网站。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国所谓的“新闻自由”,实际上完全服从于美国利益,是美国政府操控下的“自由”。据报道,美国政府和五角大楼曾有意安插一批退伍军官,在美国各大广播电视媒体担任评论员,以“军事专家”的身份,对伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争给出“积极评价”和分析,试图引导舆论,美化战争,让公众认同其“反恐”理念,从而获取支持。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">38</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年底,美国国会通过一项法案,以传播反美内容、煽动暴力为由,对中东地区数家阿拉伯卫星电视频道进行制裁。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">39</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,在美国匹兹堡召开<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>国集团领导人会议时,反资本主义抗议者使用“推特”和手机短信组织群众集会,与警方发生几次冲突。<SPAN lang="EN-US">41</SPAN>岁的艾略特·麦迪逊随后被控通过网络帮助抗议者逃避逮捕,警方还搜查了他的住所。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">40</SPAN>)宾夕法尼亚州美国公民自由联盟负责人维克·瓦尔扎克称,如果同样的事情发生在别的国家,就会被称为侵犯人权,但在美国,却被称为必要的预防犯罪措施。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28.1pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><STRONG>三、集结号游戏中心经济、社会和文化权利<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国的贫困、失业、无家可归者等问题严重,劳动者的经济、社会、文化权利得不到保障。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国失业率创<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>年新高。受金融危机的影响,美国破产企业和个人数量不断上升。美联社2009年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月报道,过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>个月内美国申请破产保护的企业和个人总数近<SPAN lang="EN-US">120</SPAN>万。过去一年中,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">1000</SPAN>个美国人中就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>人申请破产,破产率是<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年的两倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">41</SPAN>)到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日,受金融危机影响,美国共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">130</SPAN>家银行被迫关闭。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">42</SPAN>)据美国劳工部<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>日公布的数据,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月失业率达<SPAN lang="EN-US">10.2%,</SPAN>有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1600</SPAN>万人找不到工作,创<SPAN lang="EN-US">1983</SPAN>年以来最高记录。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">43</SPAN>)失业超过半年的有<SPAN lang="EN-US">560</SPAN>万人,占失业人数的<SPAN lang="EN-US">35.6%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">44</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,年轻人的失业率高达<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>,失业人数约为<SPAN lang="EN-US">160</SPAN>万,是<SPAN lang="EN-US">1948</SPAN>年有记录以来的最高水平。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">45</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>日结束的一周里,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">547</SPAN>万人继续领取失业津贴,高于前一周的<SPAN lang="EN-US">529</SPAN>万人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">46</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">贫困人口创<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>年新高。《华盛顿邮报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年底,美国贫困人口达<SPAN lang="EN-US">3980</SPAN>万人,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年增加<SPAN lang="EN-US">260</SPAN>万人,占美国人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">13.2%</SPAN>,贫困率是<SPAN lang="EN-US">1998</SPAN>年以来最高的一年。<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>岁贫困人口上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2210</SPAN>万,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年增加<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>万人。陷入贫困的家庭占<SPAN lang="EN-US">10.3%</SPAN>,达<SPAN lang="EN-US">810</SPAN>万个。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">47</SPAN>)《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>日报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,纽约市贫困率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">18.2%</SPAN>,近<SPAN lang="EN-US">28%</SPAN>的布郎克斯区居民生活在贫困中。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">48</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月,超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>万户加州贫困家庭被断电断气。密歇根州一名<SPAN lang="EN-US">93</SPAN>岁的老翁也因断电断气冻死在家中。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">49</SPAN>)贫困导致美国自杀人数激增。据报道,美国每年约发生<SPAN lang="EN-US">3.2</SPAN>万起自杀事件,几乎是<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.8</SPAN>万起谋杀案的两倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>)洛杉矶验尸官办公室的官员称,由于经济危机导致许多家庭无法负担丧葬费用。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,洛杉矶县有<SPAN lang="EN-US">712</SPAN>具尸体无人认领,比上年增加<SPAN lang="EN-US">36%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">51</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">挨饿人口居<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>年来最高。美国农业部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日报告称,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">14.6%</SPAN>即<SPAN lang="EN-US">1700</SPAN>万个家庭的<SPAN lang="EN-US">4910</SPAN>万人在挨饿,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">11.1%</SPAN>即<SPAN lang="EN-US">1300</SPAN>万个家庭增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">31%</SPAN>,创<SPAN lang="EN-US">1995</SPAN>年开始此项统计以来的最高纪录。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">52</SPAN>)对食物没有安全感的人从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">470</SPAN>万上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">670</SPAN>万。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">53</SPAN>)约<SPAN lang="EN-US">15%</SPAN>的家庭还在为温饱而奋斗。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">54</SPAN>)据统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">3650</SPAN>万人领取食物券,占总人口<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/8</SPAN>,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">710</SPAN>万。但只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">2/3</SPAN>符合申请资格的人获得了食物券。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">55</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">劳动者权利受到严重侵害。《纽约时报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日报道,根据纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥学者一项针对<SPAN lang="EN-US">4387</SPAN>名低收入工人的调查发现,<SPAN lang="EN-US">68%</SPAN>被调查的低收入者被克扣工资。在被迫加班的工人中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">76%</SPAN>的人未得到相应的加班报酬,<SPAN lang="EN-US">57%</SPAN>被调查者的工资收入没有依法足付证明。仅有<SPAN lang="EN-US">8%</SPAN>因公负伤的人要求赔偿。<SPAN lang="EN-US">26%</SPAN>的被调查者的工资收入低于全国最低工资标准。在抱怨工资收入及待遇问题的工人当中,<SPAN lang="EN-US">43%</SPAN>的工人有被打击报复或被辞退的经历。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">56</SPAN>)《今日美国报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>日报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,美国在工作场所死亡的人数为<SPAN lang="EN-US">5657</SPAN>人,每天约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>人在工作中死亡,纽约州每年约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>万人在工作场所受伤或得病。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">57</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">没有医疗保险的人数连续<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>年增加。根据美国人口普查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日公布的数据,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">4630</SPAN>万人无法获得医疗保险,占总人口比例的<SPAN lang="EN-US">15.4%</SPAN>,比<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">4570</SPAN>万人增加约<SPAN lang="EN-US">60</SPAN>万人,是连续第<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>年增加。其中,<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>岁无医疗保险的人数从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">19.6%</SPAN>增加到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">20.3%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">58</SPAN>)联邦基金的调查显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>个州<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>岁的成年人医疗保险范围缩小。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">59</SPAN>)成年人无医疗保险人口比率极高的州由<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>个增加到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>个。得克萨斯州平均每<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>人中就有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>人无医疗保险,居美国之首。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">60</SPAN>)休斯顿<SPAN lang="EN-US">40.1%</SPAN>的居民无医疗保险。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">61</SPAN>)据统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">2266</SPAN>名<SPAN lang="EN-US">65</SPAN>岁以下的退伍军人因缺乏医疗保险或医疗服务而死亡,全国因无医疗保险死亡的退伍军人比在阿富汗战场上阵亡人数高出<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">62</SPAN>)消费者联盟的一项调查显示,过去一年,<SPAN lang="EN-US">34%</SPAN>的年收入<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>万美元以下家庭和<SPAN lang="EN-US">21%</SPAN>的年收入<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万美元以上家庭医疗保险丧失或遭到削减;<SPAN lang="EN-US">2/3</SPAN>年收入<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>万美元以下的家庭和<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>年收入<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万美元以上的家庭削减了医疗支出。<SPAN lang="EN-US">28%</SPAN>的人生病不去就医;<SPAN lang="EN-US">25%</SPAN>的人无法支付医疗或药品的费用;<SPAN lang="EN-US">22%</SPAN>的人拖延实施医疗程序;<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的人有处方不买药或不做医疗检查;<SPAN lang="EN-US">15%</SPAN>的人服用过期药物或为了省钱而不遵医嘱按时服药。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">63</SPAN>)经济合作与发展组织<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日发布报告称,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年美国人均寿命仅为<SPAN lang="EN-US">78.1</SPAN>岁,在经合组织成员国中居倒数第四位,而该年经合组织成员国的人均寿命为<SPAN lang="EN-US">79.1</SPAN>岁。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">无家可归者激增。据统计,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">160</SPAN>万人住进收容所,全家都在收容所的人数从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">47.3</SPAN>万增加到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">51.7</SPAN>万。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">65</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年以来,芝加哥地区六个县的无家可归者有所增加,其中麦克亨利县增加最多,比去年增长了<SPAN lang="EN-US">125%</SPAN>,这些家庭只能住在棚车等简易场所。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">66</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月,加州州府萨克拉门托市形成了一个帐篷城,数百名无家可归者聚集在此。南加州的圣莫尼卡市不惜动用武力定期将无家可归者驱逐到市外。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">67</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月,底特律市的几千名无家可归者因担心领不到政府的住房补助而大打出手。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">68</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月,纽约市收容所有<SPAN lang="EN-US">6975</SPAN>名无家可归的单身成人,这个数字不包括短期住所里的<SPAN lang="EN-US">30698</SPAN>人、军队老兵和长期无家可归者。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">69</SPAN>)《休斯顿纪事报》<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,加尔维斯顿大量房屋在艾克飓风中损毁,有数千灾民无法重返家园,约<SPAN lang="EN-US">1700</SPAN>户家庭未得到救助,大都居无定所。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">70</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28.1pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><STRONG>四、集结号游戏中心种族歧视<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">种族歧视至今仍是美国社会的一大痼疾。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">黑人和其他少数族裔是最贫困的美国人。据美国人口普查局公布的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年美国中等收入水平的家庭平均年收入<SPAN lang="EN-US">50303</SPAN>美元,其中白人为<SPAN lang="EN-US">55530</SPAN>美元,而拉美裔则为<SPAN lang="EN-US">37913</SPAN>美元,相当于白人的<SPAN lang="EN-US">68%</SPAN>;黑人仅为<SPAN lang="EN-US">34218</SPAN>美元,相当于白人的<SPAN lang="EN-US">61.6%</SPAN>。在同等学历和技能下,少数族裔的平均收入仅为多数族裔收入的<SPAN lang="EN-US">60-80%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">71</SPAN>)据美国人口普查局发布的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年美国白人的贫困率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">8.6%</SPAN>,而黑人、拉美裔人的贫困率分别为<SPAN lang="EN-US">24.7%</SPAN>、<SPAN lang="EN-US">23.2%</SPAN>,接近白人的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">72</SPAN>),还有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/4</SPAN>的印第安人生活在贫困之中。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年没有医疗保险的拉美裔人达<SPAN lang="EN-US">30.7%,</SPAN>黑人为<SPAN lang="EN-US">19.1%</SPAN>,而白人为<SPAN lang="EN-US">14.5%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">73</SPAN>)根据美国住房和城市发展部的报告,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月的财政年度内,在该部收到的<SPAN lang="EN-US">10552</SPAN>起涉及住房投诉案中,种族歧视占<SPAN lang="EN-US">35%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">74</SPAN>)美国联邦疾病控制和预防中心的报告显示,非洲裔美国人只占美国人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">12%</SPAN>,却每年占美国新增艾滋病病毒感染者和因艾滋病死亡者的近一半。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">75</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">对少数民族的就业和职业歧视严重。在美国的失业大军中,少数族裔失业者首当其冲。据报道,2009年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月,美国平均失业率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">10.2%</SPAN>,其中,黑人失业率上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">15.7%</SPAN>,西班牙裔人失业率上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">13.1%</SPAN>,而白人失业率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">9.5%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">76</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>岁的黑人失业率达<SPAN lang="EN-US">34.5%</SPAN>,超过美国平均失业率的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍,创历史最高。有些城市的黑人失业率达到<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">77</SPAN>),有的印第安人部落失业率高达<SPAN lang="EN-US">80%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">78</SPAN>)据美国劳工统计局的统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年,<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>岁以上的黑人男性大学毕业生的失业率是<SPAN lang="EN-US">8.4%</SPAN>,接近白人男性大学毕业生失业率<SPAN lang="EN-US">4.4%</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">79</SPAN>)据统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">95000</SPAN>件职业歧视案中,近<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>为种族歧视案。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">80</SPAN>)据美国平等就业委员会称,已连续接到<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>起集结号游戏中心休斯顿一家石油天然气公司存在种族歧视行为的投诉。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">81</SPAN>)据报道,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月底,黑人和西班牙裔人口各占纽约市人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">27%</SPAN>,但是由于纽约市消防部门不公正地排除有色人种担任消防队员,黑人消防队员仅占<SPAN lang="EN-US">3%</SPAN>,西班牙裔消防队员占<SPAN lang="EN-US">6%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">82</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">少数民族在受教育方面受到歧视。据美国人口普查局的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">33%</SPAN>的白人拥有大学学历,但黑人只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>,拉美裔人只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">13%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">83</SPAN>)据报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2003</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年间,在向法学院递交申请的学生中,<SPAN lang="EN-US">61%</SPAN>的非洲裔和<SPAN lang="EN-US">46%</SPAN>的墨西哥裔学生遭到拒绝,而只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">34%</SPAN>的白人学生遭到拒绝。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">84</SPAN>)非洲裔儿童仅占美国公立学校在校生的<SPAN lang="EN-US">17%</SPAN>,但是被开除的数量却占被开除总数的<SPAN lang="EN-US">32%</SPAN>。据北卡罗来纳大学和密歇根州立大学集结号游戏中心美国黑人少年对种族歧视看法的研究报告,大部分黑人少年认为自己是种族歧视的受害者。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">85</SPAN>)另据一项对休斯顿、洛杉矶和伯明翰<SPAN lang="EN-US">5000</SPAN>名儿童的调查显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>的黑人儿童认为自己遭遇歧视,拉美裔儿童为<SPAN lang="EN-US">15%</SPAN>。研究显示,种族歧视是导致少数族裔儿童精神疾病的重要原因。拉美裔儿童有抑郁症状的数量是其他族裔儿童的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>倍,黑人儿童是其他族裔儿童的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">86</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">执法和司法领域的种族歧视非常明显。据美国司法部统计,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年底,美国每<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万黑人中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">3161</SPAN>名男子和<SPAN lang="EN-US">149</SPAN>名妇女被关押在监狱里。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">87</SPAN>)有<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>个州非洲裔青年被判处无假释终身监禁的比例是白人青年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>倍,在加利福尼亚州达<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>倍。在美国各大城市,每年有超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>万行人在大街上被警察叫住盘查,近九成是少数族裔男子,其中五成为非洲裔人,三成为拉丁裔人,而被检查的白人只有一成。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">88</SPAN>)纽约市警察局发布的报告显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年纽约市警察针对黑人和拉美裔人开枪的比例分别为<SPAN lang="EN-US">75%</SPAN>和<SPAN lang="EN-US">22%</SPAN>,而针对白人开枪的比例则为<SPAN lang="EN-US">3%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">89</SPAN>)据人权观察发布的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">1980</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年,美国全国范围内黑人因毒品犯罪而被拘捕的比例是白人的<SPAN lang="EN-US">2.8</SPAN>到<SPAN lang="EN-US">5.5</SPAN>倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">90</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">“<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>·<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>”事件以来,对穆斯林的歧视加剧。一家研究中心发布的一项联合调查显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">58%</SPAN>的美国人认为穆斯林遭受到“很大的”歧视。<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>岁的年轻人中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">73%</SPAN>的人认为穆斯林是最受歧视的群体。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">91</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">移民境遇悲惨。据大赦国际美国分会发表的报告,美国每年拘留<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>多万非法移民,平均每天在押的移民超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>万人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">92</SPAN>)同时,每年有数以百计的合法移民被拘禁、拒绝入境甚至押送出境。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">93</SPAN>)据“宪法项目”研究小组和人权观察联合发布的一份报告,从<SPAN lang="EN-US">1999</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">140</SPAN>万名被拘留的移民被转移,原在洛杉矶和费城生活多年的上万名移民被强行移送到遥远的得克萨斯州或路易斯安那州移民监狱。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">94</SPAN>)纽约市律师协会<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月接到关押在曼哈顿瓦里克拘留所<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>名男性移民的求援信,描述了拘留所的拥挤、肮脏、缺医少药、挨饿、每天做工只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>美元报酬的境遇。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">95</SPAN>)一些哺乳期的母亲被关押后因为被拒绝提供吸奶器,导致伤风、乳腺炎和丧失哺乳能力。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">96</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2003</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月以来在移民与海关执法局关押中死亡的移民达<SPAN lang="EN-US">104</SPAN>人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">97</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">种族仇恨犯罪频发。美国联邦调查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日公布的仇恨<SPAN lang="EN-US"><A href="http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2010-03/13/content_19598240_4.htm" target="_blank"><SPAN lang="EN-US"><SPAN lang="EN-US">犯罪统计</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国共发生仇恨犯罪<SPAN lang="EN-US">7783</SPAN>起,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">51.3%</SPAN>是基于种族歧视,<SPAN lang="EN-US">19.5%</SPAN>基于宗教偏见,<SPAN lang="EN-US">11.5%</SPAN>基于国别歧视。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">98</SPAN>)在种族仇视案件中,<SPAN lang="EN-US">70%</SPAN>以上是针对黑人的。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,针对黑人的暴力犯罪达每千人<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>人,针对白人的数字是每千人<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">99</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日,白人至上主义者和新纳粹分子布伦在华盛顿纳粹大屠杀遇难者纪念馆枪杀黑人保安约翰斯,打伤<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">100</SPAN>)据美国南方贫困问题法律中心公布的报告,纽约州萨福克县种族不容忍和民族仇恨的氛围造成过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>年间发生很多起白人攻击拉美裔移民事件。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">101</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28.1pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><STRONG>五、集结号游戏中心妇女、儿童权利<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国妇女儿童生存状况每况愈下,妇女儿童的权利得不到应有的保障。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">妇女不享有与男子平等的社会政治地位。美国女性人口占总人口的<SPAN lang="EN-US">51%</SPAN>,但是在目前第<SPAN lang="EN-US">111</SPAN>届美国国会中,男议员有<SPAN lang="EN-US">441</SPAN>名,女议员只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">92</SPAN>名,占<SPAN lang="EN-US">17%</SPAN>,其中参议员<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>名,众议员<SPAN lang="EN-US">75</SPAN>名。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">102</SPAN>)一项研究表明,少数族群和妇女很少能在美国的大型慈善机构和非盈利机构中身居要职,妇女仅占非盈利机构首席执行官总人数的<SPAN lang="EN-US">18.8%</SPAN>,在世界<SPAN lang="EN-US">500</SPAN>强企业中只占<SPAN lang="EN-US">3%</SPAN>。在美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">400</SPAN>个最大的慈善机构中,所有文化组织、医院、公共事务团体、犹太人联盟或其他宗教组织中没有一个是由妇女领导的。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">103</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">妇女就业难、收入低、生活贫困。据美国平等就业委员会统计,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年该委员会共收到就业方面的指控<SPAN lang="EN-US">95402</SPAN>件,比上年提高了<SPAN lang="EN-US">15%</SPAN>,其中基于性别方面就业歧视的指控继续占很高比例。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">104</SPAN>)美国人口普查局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009年9</SPAN>月公布,美国全职妇女<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年的年均收入为<SPAN lang="EN-US">35745</SPAN>美元,全职男子的年均收入为<SPAN lang="EN-US">46367</SPAN>美元,女性收入为男性的<SPAN lang="EN-US">77%</SPAN>,低于<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">78%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">105</SPAN>)据美联社报道,一名已在沃尔玛工作<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>年的女药剂师因为要求获得与男同事相同的薪酬于<SPAN lang="EN-US">2004</SPAN>年被解雇。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">106</SPAN>)到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年底,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">420</SPAN>万个单亲女性家庭生活贫困,比率达<SPAN lang="EN-US">28.7%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">107</SPAN>)美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">6400</SPAN>万工作年龄的妇女没有医疗保险或医疗保险额太少、支付账单有困难或欠交医疗费甚至放弃治疗,占工作年龄妇女总数的<SPAN lang="EN-US">70%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">108</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">妇女频遭暴力和性侵害。据报道,美国强奸发生率比英国高<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>倍,比日本高<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>倍,居世界最高。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">109</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月,圣迭戈地区连续发生<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>起尾随妇女入室抢劫并且对受害人施以性侵害的案件。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">110</SPAN>)据美国国防部发布的一份研究报告,截至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年财政年度,美军方共接到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2900</SPAN>多起军队内部强奸和其他性侵犯案件,比上一年增加<SPAN lang="EN-US">9%</SPAN>,而这些案件中只有<SPAN lang="EN-US">292</SPAN>起案件被提交到军事法庭。报道称,此类案件的实际数字可能是举报数字的<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>到<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>倍。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">111</SPAN>)据路透社报道,根据对<SPAN lang="EN-US">40</SPAN>个服役美国女兵的深度采访,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>人被强奸,<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>人被性侵犯,还有<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>人被猥亵。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">112</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国儿童饥寒交迫。据美国农业部公布的报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,占美国儿童总数<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/4</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">1670</SPAN>万儿童得不到足够食物。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">113</SPAN>)美国食物救济机构“喂养美国”公布的一份报告称,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">350</SPAN>万名<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>岁以下儿童经常挨饿或营养不良,占儿童总数的<SPAN lang="EN-US">17%</SPAN>以上,其中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>个州挨饿儿童比例超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>,路易斯安那州达到<SPAN lang="EN-US">24.2%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">114</SPAN>)美国贫困人口中<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下的儿童占<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>以上。据美国人口普查局公布的数据,到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年底,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">15.7%</SPAN>的<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下儿童生活在贫困中,人数从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">1330</SPAN>万上升到<SPAN lang="EN-US">1410</SPAN>万。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">115</SPAN>)据报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2005</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年间,美国每年有<SPAN lang="EN-US">150</SPAN>多万儿童无家可归,每<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>名儿童中就有一人无家可归。在无家可归的儿童中,<SPAN lang="EN-US">42%</SPAN>不到<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>岁,大多数是非洲裔和印第安人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">116</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年美国有近<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/10</SPAN>的儿童得不到医疗健康保险。据报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国有<SPAN lang="EN-US">730</SPAN>万儿童没有医疗保险;占美国儿童的<SPAN lang="EN-US">9.9%</SPAN>,内华达州有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20.2%</SPAN>的儿童没有保险。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">117</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日,加州风险管理医疗保险委员会投票通过决议,从<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月起终止<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>万多名贫困家庭儿童的“健康家庭”医疗保险;到<SPAN lang="EN-US">2010</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月底前,将取消<SPAN lang="EN-US">67</SPAN>万名贫困家庭儿童的“健康家庭”医疗保险。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">118</SPAN>)霍普金斯医学院儿童中心的一项研究表明,过去<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>年来,由于缺乏医疗保险,导致约<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.7</SPAN>万名美国儿童死亡。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">119</SPAN>)美国疾病控制与预防中心说,自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月甲型<SPAN lang="EN-US">H1N1</SPAN>流感爆发至<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月间,美国约<SPAN lang="EN-US">800</SPAN>万名<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下的儿童染病,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">540</SPAN>人死亡。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">120</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">儿童生活在暴力和恐惧中。据报道,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年,美国共有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1494</SPAN>名<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>岁以下的儿童被杀。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">121</SPAN>)纽约市卫生局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>日公布的一份报告显示,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年间,美国<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>岁儿童死亡率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万分之<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>,其中谋杀死亡率为<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>万分之<SPAN lang="EN-US">1.3</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">122</SPAN>)美国司法部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月的一项对<SPAN lang="EN-US">4549</SPAN>名<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>岁以下儿童的调查表明,<SPAN lang="EN-US">60%</SPAN>以上的美国儿童在过去一年中直接或间接遭受暴力侵犯,近一半被调查儿童至少受过一次攻击,约<SPAN lang="EN-US">6%</SPAN>的儿童受到性侵犯,<SPAN lang="EN-US">13%</SPAN>的儿童挨过打。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">123</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>年以来,得克萨斯州至少有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1227</SPAN>名儿童因受虐待或照顾不周而死亡。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">124</SPAN>)据美国研究机构和公共卫生媒体的研究报告显示,美国每年有<SPAN lang="EN-US">1/3</SPAN>离家出走或者被赶出家门的孩子靠出卖肉体换取食物、药品和居所。司法系统不再把她们当作年幼的受害者,而是把她们当作青少年罪犯。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">125</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">农业大量使用童工。据一个儿童权益保护组织披露,美国约有<SPAN lang="EN-US">40</SPAN>万儿童从事合法的农业工作。据美国农场工人就业培训计划主席戴维斯·斯特劳斯称,数十年以来一直有年龄低于<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>岁的儿童从事此类工作,而且他们在工作过程中使用的是锋利的劳动工具和危险性极高的农药。该机构领导委员会主席厄尼·弗洛里斯表示,美国因从事农业工作而死亡的人口中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">20%</SPAN>是儿童。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">126</SPAN>)美国的一项劳动标准法允许<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>岁以上儿童在炎炎烈日下长时间进行农业劳动,却不允许他们坐在配有空调的办公室里工作,甚至不准在快餐店里打工。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国是世界上唯一不对少年犯适用假释的国家。从<SPAN lang="EN-US">1985</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>年,被关押的青少年增加<SPAN lang="EN-US">44%</SPAN>。很多孩子仅犯有轻微违法行为,却没有得到律师的帮助。许多检察官、公诉人和法官对于发生在少年监狱的虐待视而不见。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28.1pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><STRONG>六、集结号游戏中心侵犯他国人权<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国凭借强大的军事实力,在国际上推行霸权主义,粗暴侵犯他国主权,肆意践踏他国人权。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国作为全球最大的军火销售国,加剧世界各地不稳定。美国的军费世界第一。据报道,美国军费在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年又增加了<SPAN lang="EN-US">10%</SPAN>,达到<SPAN lang="EN-US">6070</SPAN>亿美元,占世界军费的<SPAN lang="EN-US">42%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">127</SPAN>)据美国国会的一份报告显示,在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2008</SPAN>年全球武器销量创下<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>年来新低的时候,美国对外军售总额却从上一年的<SPAN lang="EN-US">254</SPAN>亿美元猛增到<SPAN lang="EN-US">378</SPAN>亿美元,增长了约<SPAN lang="EN-US">50%</SPAN>,占当年全球军售总量的<SPAN lang="EN-US">68.4%</SPAN>。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">128</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2010</SPAN>年伊始,美国政府不顾中国政府和人民的强烈抗议,宣布对台湾出售总价值近<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>亿美元的军售计划,严重损害中国国家安全利益,引起中国人民的强烈愤慨。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争不仅给美国人民增加了沉重的负担,更给伊拉克和阿富汗两国人民的生命财产造成了巨大损失伊拉克战争已给伊拉克造成逾百万平民死亡、逾百万人无家可归以及巨大财产损失。在阿富汗,美军滥杀无辜的事件至今仍然不断发生。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><A href="http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2010-03/13/content_19598240_6.htm" target="_blank">2009<SPAN lang="EN-US"><SPAN lang="EN-US">年</SPAN></SPAN></A>8</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>名正在货车上搬运黄瓜的阿富汗农民在美军发动的空袭中丧生。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">129</SPAN>)美国国防部<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日表示,美军在<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日在打击塔利班时,没有遵守适当的方法和程序,造成阿富汗平民死亡。阿富汗官方目前已收集到了<SPAN lang="EN-US">147</SPAN>名遇害平民的姓名,其中包括妇女和儿童,而美国指挥官则称死亡人数不超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">130</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">虐囚是近年来美国在人权领域的最大丑闻之一。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年,联合国人权理事会反恐中保护人权及基本自由问题特别报告员在向人权理事会第<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>届会议提交的报告中称,美国创造了一套全面的特别递解、长期和秘密拘留以及违反联合国禁止酷刑公约的做法。该报告员在提交第<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>届联大的报告中指出,美国及其私人承包人对在伊拉克和其他地方关押的男性穆斯林使用了强迫堆叠裸体男囚、强迫与其他被拘留者进行同性性行为、强迫赤身裸体等审讯手段。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">131</SPAN>)美国中央情报局自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>年就开始使用酷刑手法审讯犯人。美国政府<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日证实,中央情报局自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2001</SPAN>年以来销毁的<SPAN lang="EN-US">92</SPAN>盘有关审讯恐怖犯罪嫌疑人的录像带中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>盘录像带记录了使用酷刑的画面。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">132</SPAN>)根据近期公布的秘密报告,中央情报局使用手枪和电棒审讯犯人。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">133</SPAN>)根据美国公布的一系列司法部秘密文件,执法者可以将犯人以站立姿势铐住达<SPAN lang="EN-US">180</SPAN>小时,十多个中央情报局的犯人被剥夺睡眠最少<SPAN lang="EN-US">48</SPAN>小时,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>人被剥夺睡眠超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">96</SPAN>小时,其中一人为近<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>天的时间,另一人被剥夺睡眠<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>天。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">134</SPAN>)据报道,中央情报局审讯人员曾经对“<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>·<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>”事件的主要谋划者哈立德·谢赫·穆罕默德使用了<SPAN lang="EN-US">183</SPAN>次水刑,并对“基地”组织的另一名军事领导人阿布·祖贝达使用<SPAN lang="EN-US">83</SPAN>次水刑。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">135</SPAN>)关塔那摩监狱如同人间地狱。据被释放的关塔那摩监狱囚犯穆罕默德称,他在美国中央情报局喀布尔秘密监狱和关塔那摩等监狱遭到了“中世纪般的”拷打。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">136</SPAN>)据美国《哈泼斯杂志》和全美广播公司<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年联合进行的调查,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2006</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月被指“自杀”的<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>名关塔那摩监狱囚犯很可能是在同一个晚上接受审讯时窒息而死,当局却对外宣称他们是上吊自杀。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">137</SPAN>)在关塔那摩监狱被关押达<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>年之久的索马里人穆罕默德·萨莱班·巴雷说:“那里是人间地狱。我的狱友们有的眼睛看不见了,有的胳膊、腿没了,有的精神失常”。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">138</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年,被关押在关塔那摩监狱的一名<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>岁的也门人长期绝食后身亡。自<SPAN lang="EN-US">2002</SPAN>年起已有<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>人死亡,其中<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>人自杀。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">139</SPAN>)美国政府在阿富汗巴格拉姆空军基地关押了<SPAN lang="EN-US">600</SPAN>多名囚犯。联合国<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>月出台的一份报告点名批评巴格拉姆监狱说,有些人在巴格拉姆被关押了<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>年之久。已经获释的一些关押者声称他们遭受了严刑拷打,甚至性侵犯。一些人还称他们曾经被关在有<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>至<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>个人的笼子里,有两名关押者在监禁期间死亡,死因可疑。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">140</SPAN>)另据美国司法部的调查,有<SPAN lang="EN-US">2000</SPAN>名塔利班投降士兵被由美军控制的阿富汗武装塞进卡车中窒息死亡。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">141</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国在世界各地设立军事基地,侵犯当地人民人权的事件屡见不鲜。目前,美国在世界上有<SPAN lang="EN-US">900</SPAN>处军事基地,基地中有超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>万名士兵和<SPAN lang="EN-US">11.5</SPAN>万名相关工作人员。这些基地给当地造成了巨大的破坏和环境污染,炸弹爆炸产生的有毒物质给当地儿童造成巨大的伤害。据报道,在苏比克和克拉克美军基地,已经有约<SPAN lang="EN-US">3000</SPAN>件美军士兵强奸当地妇女的案件被提交,但是都被法院裁定不予受理。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">142</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国对古巴进行长达近<SPAN lang="EN-US">50</SPAN>年的经济、商业和金融封锁,给古巴带来了超过<SPAN lang="EN-US">930</SPAN>亿美元的直接经济损失。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">28</SPAN>日,第<SPAN lang="EN-US">64</SPAN>届联大以<SPAN lang="EN-US">187</SPAN>票支持,<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>票反对、<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>票弃权的压倒性多数第<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>次通过《必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁》决议,要求美国立即结束对古巴的封锁。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">143</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国打着“互联网自由”的旗号,推行霸权主义。美国垄断着世界互联网的战略资源。互联网自诞生之日起就由美国牢牢掌控,目前全球互联网服务器有<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>台,其中唯一的主根服务器在美国,其余<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>台辅根服务器中有<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>台在美国。所有根服务器均由美国政府授权的<SPAN lang="EN-US">ICANN(</SPAN>国际互联网名称和编号分配公司<SPAN lang="EN-US">)</SPAN>统一管理<SPAN lang="EN-US">,</SPAN>负责全球互联网根域名服务器、域名体系和<SPAN lang="EN-US">IP</SPAN>地址等的管理。世界各国和联合国等国际组织都曾要求打破美国对互联网根服务器的垄断,分享互联网的管理权,但是均遭美国拒绝。美国利用其对互联网资源的垄断地位,通过各种形式干涉别国内政。美国建有专门的黑客部队,并在全球范围内招募黑客精英为其服务。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年夏天,伊朗发生总统选举骚乱,选举失利的伊朗改革派阵营及其支持者利用“推特”等网络工具发布大量信息。美国国务院要求“推特”运营商推迟系统升级计划,以帮助反对派制造舆论声势。当年<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>月,某网络公司也曾按照美国政府的授意,切断了古巴等五国的<SPAN lang="EN-US">MSN</SPAN>即时通讯服务端口。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国建立名为“梯队”的窃听系统,对全球进行窃听。欧洲议会的报告书指出,“梯队”系统作为一个由美国操纵的情报收集分析网络,能够在全球范围内拦截以公众电话交换网络、卫星及微波通讯所传送的电话、传真、电子邮件和其他数字资讯,并监控其中的内容。欧洲议会曾点名批评美国利用“梯队”系统从事犯罪活动,如侵犯一般平民的隐私权或国家性质的商业间谍活动,其中最有名的是沙特阿拉伯<SPAN lang="EN-US">60</SPAN>亿美元客机案。(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">144</SPAN>)英国王妃戴安娜生前提倡全球反地雷运动,与美国的政策相抵触,她的电话因此被监听了。《华盛顿邮报》报道说,美国政府的这种间谍行动不禁让人想起了当年越战期间美国政府对国内反战派人士进行监视窃听的行为。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">美国漠视国际人权公约,消极对待国际人权义务。美国于<SPAN lang="EN-US">32</SPAN>年前签署《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》,于<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>年前签署《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,但迄今均未批准。美国还没有批准《残疾人权利公约》。<SPAN lang="EN-US">2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>日,第<SPAN lang="EN-US">61</SPAN>届联大表决通过的《土著人民权利宣言》,是迄今联合国通过的保护土著人民权利的最权威和全面的文件,美国依然拒绝承认该宣言。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">以上事实说明,美国不仅国内人权纪录十分糟糕,而且是世界许多人权灾难的主要根源。长期以来,美国将自己凌驾于其他国家之上,充当“世界人权警察”,无视自身存在的严重的人权问题,年复一年地发表《国别人权报告》对别国进行指责,将人权作为干涉别国内政、丑化别国形象和谋取自己战略利益的政治工具,充分暴露了美国在人权问题上的双重标准,理所当然地遭到世界各国人民的坚决反对和强烈谴责。特别是在全世界人民正遭受由美国次贷危机引发的国际金融危机导致的严重人权灾难的时候,美国政府仍不正视自身存在的严重人权问题,而热衷于谴责别国,这是十分令人遗憾的。我们奉劝美国政府汲取历史教训,摆正自己的位置,着力改善自身人权状况,改正在人权领域的所作所为。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">Criminal Victimization2008</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">U.S. Department of Justice, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">Crime in the United States, 2008, http://www.fbi.gov<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>)《<SPAN lang="EN-US"><A href="http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2010-03/13/content_19598240.htm" target="_blank"><SPAN lang="EN-US"><SPAN lang="EN-US">纽约时报</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>)《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"> http://www.usatoday.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.reuters.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>)《侨报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://review.usqiaobao.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>)《今日美国报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.thefreelibrary.com<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>)《今日美国报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>)《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">13</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://cbs5.com<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>)《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">15</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">A Report of The Heritage Center for Data Analysis, School Safety in Washington, D.C.: New Data for the 2007-2008 School Year, http://www.herigage.org<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">16</SPAN>)根据新泽西州教育局<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月发布的公校系统暴力和故意伤害年度报告,<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.state.nj.us<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>)《纽约邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://gothamist.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.mercurynews.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>)《俄勒冈人报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>日,<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://blog.oregonlive.com<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">21</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://theduckshoot.com<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">22</SPAN>)《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(<SPAN lang="EN-US">23</SPAN>)《芝加哥论坛报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月,<SPAN lang="EN-US"> http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>)《芝加哥论坛报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">19</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">25</SPAN>)《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.huffingtonpost.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">8</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">27</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.wsws.org<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">28</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://mensnewsdaily.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2010</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">18</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">29</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://news.yahoo.com</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2010</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">26</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">30</SPAN>)《华盛顿邮报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">31</SPAN>)《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">6</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">32</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.news-medical.net</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">33</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://thecrimereport.org</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">2</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">34</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">www.hrw.org</SPAN>,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">24</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; 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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">38</SPAN>)《纽约时报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">20</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">39</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US"><A href="http://blogs.rnw.nl/"><FONT color="#000000">http://blogs.rnw.nl</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">41</SPAN>)<SPAN lang="EN-US">http://www.floridabankruptcyblog.com<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; 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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">105</SPAN>)《华尔街日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">11</SPAN>日;<SPAN lang="EN-US">www.census.gov, 2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US"> 9</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">106</SPAN>)美联社,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">10</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">5</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; 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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">110</SPAN>)《星岛日报》,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">14</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312">(注<SPAN lang="EN-US">111</SPAN>)美国哥伦比亚广播公司晚间新闻,<SPAN lang="EN-US">2009</SPAN>年<SPAN lang="EN-US">3</SPAN>月<SPAN lang="EN-US">17</SPAN>日。<SPAN lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <P style="text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 200%; 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